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ECOLOGICAL  CONSEQUENCES,  GENETIC  AND  CHEMICAL  VARIATIONS IN FRAGMENTED POPULATIONS OF A MEDICINAL PLANT, JUSTICIA ADHATODA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS CONSERVATION

SYED ABDULLAH GILANI^1*, YOSHIHARU FUJII², AKIRA KIKUCHI¹, ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI³ AND KAZUO N. WATANABE¹

Abstract: Justicia adhatoda from Kohat Plateau was selected for genetic diversity studies, due to its fragmented habitat, importance in traditional and pharmaceutical medicine and a lack of population structure studies. We had two hypotheses: that habitat loss posed a greater threat to populations than loss of genetic diversity, and that chemical diversity would be higher among different populations than within populations. Genetic diversity within and among populations was evaluated using PBA (P450 based analogue) markers. AMOVA analysis revealed that there was higher genetic diversity within populations (90%) than among populations (10%). No genetic drift was observed, i.e., genetic diversity within populations was maintained despite fewer numbers of individuals in fragmented populations. Surveys of J. adhatoda populations revealed that they were growing in harsh conditions and were imperiled due to extensive harvesting for commercial and domestic purposes. Chemical diversity was evaluated by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) analysis of 90% methanol and 1:2 chloroform:methanol extracts. GC-MS analysis of both the extracts showed nine and 18 chemical compounds, respectively, with higher chemical variations among populations. It is therefore recommended that efforts for the conservation of severely fragmented populations of J. adhatoda must be carried out along with sustainable harvesting.

¹Gene Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.

²Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan.

³Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan