PJB-2024-478
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROTEOLYTIC PROFILES OF ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM EXTRACT
OMAR M. ATROOZ
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an extensive reservoir of bioactive compounds that man has harnessed to treat various illnesses since immemorial. Plant proteases have been demonstrated to play an essential role across multiple different industries. This current study evaluated the in vitro bioactivity of the methanol leaf extract of Achillea millefolium and characterized its proteolytic effects. The TPC, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic, and proteolytic activity of the plant leaf's methanol extract were assessed using casein as a substrate. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analyzed the phytochemical profile and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzed the presence of functional groups that belong to various compounds of secondary metabolites. LC-MS analysis of the crude extract identified the primary components, which make up 82% of the total composition. These bioactive compounds belong to polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanol glucosides, terpenoids, sterols, and sesquiterpenoids. The study indicated that the crude extract contains a considerable amount of phenols (0.027 mg GAE /g). The extract exhibited antioxidant potential at 70.70%. Furthermore, a potent effect of anti-inflammatory 95% with an IC50 value of 0.6469 mg/mL and anti-hemolytic activity 62.7% with an IC50 value of 0.4957 mg/mL) was recorded. Maximum proteolytic activity of A. millefolium extracts on casein was observed at pH 7.0 and 50 ºC. Using the Lineweaver-Burk reciprocal plot, the kinetic parameters scores of proteases in the crude extracts were 0.00761 mM for Km and 4.2265 µmol/min for Vmax. The study results showed that the extract's potent biological activities could be due to the phenolic compounds in the plant leaves. Findings showed that the plant extract could be a potential source of proteolytic enzymes and a valuable source of plant proteases for various industries. There is a need for further phytochemical analysis and fractionation of the extract to identify the bioactive phytoconstituents for development into foods and nutraceuticals.
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