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Uptake and phytoremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) by selected plant species from contaminated soil
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are persistent organic pollutants that remain widespread in soils of Pakistan despite their global ban. This study assessed the phytoremediation potential of two grass species, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Lolium multiflorum (rye grass), for the removal of HCHs from contaminated soil. Plants were grown for 60 days in soils spiked with HCH concentrations of 5, 15, and 25 mg kg-1. Soil and plant samples were analyzed using GC-MS. Microbial biomass carbon increased in all treatments, indicating enhanced microbial activity in planted soils. Both species significantly reduced soil HCH concentrations, with C. dactylon showing slightly higher removal efficiency at elevated contamination levels. The results demonstrate that both grasses are capable of dissipating and accumulating HCHs from soil. Their rapid growth and low maintenance requirements highlight their suitability for short-term, sustainable phytoremediation of HCH-contaminated soils.
