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Optimizing neem oil coating thickness for the development of slow-release urea fertilizer to enhance wheat growth and yield
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how slow-release fertilizers affect nitrate leaching, soil profile, and yield of wheat. In the current climate, there is growing interest in developing new controlled-release fertilizers based on eco-friendly raw materials. Neem oil coating layers on urea granules were compared and different parameters were investigated in the present study. When comparing several coating layers, single coatings showed a higher release than double and triple coatings earlier in the fertilizer application process, indicating a less efficient coating. A triple coating significantly reduced the amount of release that might not meet plant requirements. In the second study, physiological parameters and crop yield were compared between neem oil-coated fertilizers (75, 50%, and 25%) and untreated fertilizers (Control). Results of the pot study showed that a reduced dose of fertilizer (75%) favored a better response in photosynthetic parameters and nutritional status in wheat plants. There was a significant increase in the yield of grain weight and number of grains with the neem oil coating, since it was 75% more effective than the uncoated coating. Results showed that the neem oil-coated urea fertilizer improved crop management and reduced N losses, which are usually caused by conventional fertilizers. A completely randomized design was used for all laboratory and pot experiments. Hence, natural neem oil as a coating material has the potential to boost growth and yield as well as control negative environmental effects
