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Abstract

This study addresses the gap by evaluating traditionally used 10 medicinal plants from the Skardu region. The objectives were to quantify key phytochemical components, assess antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic potentials. Moreover, identified species with promising pharmacological relevance. Phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of the selected plants were investigate. Artemisia siversiana had the highest Total Phenolic Content (53.8 ± 0.19 µg GAE/mg extract) and free radical scavenging activity 85.7 ± 0.33 with 33.2 IC50 (µg/ml).While, Capparis spinosa had the maximum Total Flavonoid Content (41.6 ± 0.41 µg QE/mg extract), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (211.2 ± 0.42 µg AAE/mg extract). The Total Reducing Power was recorded highest in Thymus leniaris L. 217.7 ± 0.15 μg AAE/mg extract. The antibacterial tests was done against five resistant and two non-resistant bacterial strains respectively. Artemisia siversiana and Thymus leniaris L. have noteworthy anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibitory activity. Thymus leniaris L. exerted a significant 12 mm antifungal zone of inhibition followed by Artemisia brevifolium and Delphinium brunonianum (10 mm each). Acantholimon lycopodioides having highest antidiabetic capacity with an inhibition of alpha- amylase by 76.7% with an IC50 of 9.8 µg/ml. Whereas, Peganum harmala was reported with most cytotoxic potential (LD50 = 29.4 µg/ml). Furthermore, highest anti-hemolytic activity was exhibited by Aconitum heterophyllum (74.3 ± 0.57 µg/ml). These findings highlight the high phytochemical richness and multifunctional bioactivities of these plant extracts, supporting their potential as antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial drug application

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